The LBNL 2030 reference projection is 649 TWh; a compounded sensitivity stress-test range spans 521–843 TWh.
Qualification: Projection assumptions use late-2025 information. The stress-test range is not a probabilistic confidence interval and does not capture every structural discontinuity; it is neither observed demand nor committed project load.
Primary sources: https://www.energy.gov/documents/united-states-data-center-energy-usage-report-2025-update